Classic knitwear Essay Example for Free

Classic knitwear EssayINTRODUCTIONClassic Knitwear was established in 1995 as a manufacturer and distributor of unbranded perfunctory knit apparel it was operated by Brandon Miller- Chief Marketing Officer, Robert Ortiz-CEO and Sandra Chong-CFO. Classic operated in the category of non-fashion casual knitwear, all the revenues were earned on U.S. sales.Seventy five percent of classic revenues were by screen-print channels (customized t-shirts and different knitwear with logos of everything from rock bands to small businesses to tourist destinations), the other twenty five percent was sold through mass retail channel as a private-label merchandise. By late 2005, Millers marketing team began researching a number of proposed product innovations. In February 2006 they landed on an interesting prospect knitwear treated chemically to repel insects. After this the team set out to essay the viability of a new national brand of high-quality mens and boys insect-repellent shirts.The oppo rtunity arose to negotiate a licensing partnership with Guardian, a manufacturer of insect repellents that offered odorless protection against mosquitoes, ticks, flies and no-see ums. The authorization alliance would allow Classic to use the Guardian name on a line of insect repellent shirts.PRODUCT-COMPANY FITGuardian Brand had a patented insect-repellant clothing technology. And the product was very innovative, this gives them a good market potential. The opportunity of the market potential combined with the production efficiency of the company, could make a sustainable competitive advantageThey had a cost advantage over the other US producers because of the high-volume and low SKU (stock keeping unit) production runs. With the new Repellent knitwear the SKU go away have 16 and they probably had to deal with inefficiency problems on the production.PRODUCT-MARKET FITClassic operated in the category if non-fashion casual knitwear which represented $24.5 billion. From the total of the non-fashion casual knitwear marketing, T-shirts represented a fifty third percent. Due to its focus on the screen-print sector Classic invested more heavily in t-shirts than in the overall industry.The direct competitors of Classic were little-known firms want BB Activewear and The Big Tree. Also had competitors for private label business, JamesBrands was the leader, followed by FlowerKnit and Greenville Corporations TopTops Division, this three firms operated on gross margin of 30 40%RESPONSE OF THE TRADE AND CONSUMERSThe retailers were provided with 50% margin on branded knitwear and 40% margin on private label knitwear with the new product will provide 45% margin.The company has a projection on sales for 10,000 displays in the next two years after the product is first offered to the market, they decided to put 50% in send away stores, 25% in general merchandise stores and 25% in sporting goods and apparel clothes. They need to invest a considerableamount of money in resourc es to help them develop the channel, because they had no experience in those retail channels.They had made a research with an online survey they send one thousand e-mail invitations to the population from the website Consumer.com to answer the survey and they got one hundred and eighty five respondents. And based on the results 60% of the respondents who indicated they would definitely try the product, would do so within the biyearly introduction period. Also the company predicted that at least 50% would buy an additional shirt the following year.MARKETING PROGRAMThey decided not to complicate the name of Classic Knitwear on the product it will be called Guardian Apparel. Also they havent done an extensive market research, they are just based on the survey, and probably the numbers wont be fully reliable for making big decisions.LICENSE AGREEMENTThe agreement forced Classic Guardian to outfit a series of steadily rising annual net sales target over the first foursome years, and the target fir year four must be met in each subsequent year. If they failed to meet the requirements the license would be cancelled.There are weaknesses in the branding of the product one of the close to relevant is that only guardian logo is being used on the product, this might create problems for Classic if there is any conflict between the companies in the future.The determined marketing investment has been reduced to $3 million from the initial of $8-$10 million.

Childhood Obesity Prevention and Intervention Essay Example for Free

Childhood Obesity Prevention and Intervention EssayChildhood obesity has more(prenominal) than tripled in the last 30 years (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, 2008). That statistic is staggering. Data and surveys from the 1970s to present suggest that the United States has been fighting obesity for a great deal of clock and the battle continues, increasing in numbers and ever more alarming trends (Fals, 2009). Obesity has historically been treated as an prominent problem, but the tripling of childhood obesity over the last three decades clearly illustrates that children argon at exponentially higher risk, requiring a shift in focus. Immediate and continuing efforts are essential in the battle against childhood obesity. Prevention, facts of life, and intervention require the involvement of not only affected children and their parents, but the public, government, and medical community as well. The government and society need to become involved in making preventio n and intervention of childhood obesity a whirligig priority.Family involvement is also critical however, avail is needed to support and educate them. The First Lady, Michelle Obama, has been promoting a campaign (Lets Move) to raise awareness and serve up prevent childhood obesity (White House, 2011). The campaigns checklists for parents and childcare providers contain legion(predicate) simple, but helpful tips like dietary changes, exercising, and restricting television and television receiver game time. Similarly, We Can is a class offering many resources to parents, caregivers, and local community groups. Like the latter campaign, this program also places focus on diet, exercise, and media usage. The program partners nationally with a number of organizations and media outlets to ensure families in all parts of America have access to information and help (U.S. Department of health valet de chambre Services HHS, 2012). More programs like these are needed in communities and nationwide.The number of resources is increasing but not as quickly as the problem they are attempting to help. Strategies for childhood obesity intervention and prevention are surprisingly simple, but it is up to parents to implement them. One strategy is sharing meals as a family. Choosing lusty foods is not easy and parents can help by providing florid meals and sharing them with their children. In addition, children often model the behavior of parents therefore, a parent eating healthy foods may influence the child to do the same. Eating together has the added benefit of being an emotionally positive experience for the entire family. According to guidelines from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, food choices and physical activity are the most important factors in the obesity battle. Consequently, parents must offer healthy foods in addition to baleful the calories their children consume. Children must also be encouraged to exercise (HHS, 2010, p. 10).Final ly, reduction of television, video games, and computer usage encourages children to be more active and gets them moving. Reducing screen time to no more than two hours per day is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP, 2003, p. 427). By implementing these strategies, parents will be able to help their children with making strides towards health. investigate studies have determined health dangers faced by obese children are comparable to those of obese adults. Formerly adult-associated chronic diseases are striking children. These diseases (comorbidities) are numerous and may have grave consequences. Diabetes, high blood pressure, sleep apnea, and the metabolic syndrome are only a few examples of the diseases striking obese children (Daniels et al., 2005, p. 2002).Furthermore, additional interrogation has determined that childhood and adolescent obesity can cause early death (Reilly Kelly, 2011, p. 894). The medical community must provide more research and educatio n to help with prevention of these disease processes and better interventions. Researchers have stressed the stigmatization of fatness, with regard to societal views of this disease (Gard Wright, 2005, p. 69). Obese children are assumed to be vacant and unworthy of attention. Obese children suffer many psychological issues and the hector is one of the contributors. A recent study reported, Bullying happens every day and it has a conduct impact on stress and trauma symptoms (Brandt et al., 2012).Furthermore, Children who are obese are more likely to be bullied asserts another study (Lumeng et al., 2010). In general, obese children unravel to be at risk for depression, anxiety disorders, social phobias, poor self-esteem, eating disorders, and a higher risk of suicidal tendencies. Psychiatric intervention is required to aid obese children in developing normally so these problems do not continue into adulthood. Individual support and support groups could be very effective intervent ions to consider. The epiphytotic of childhood obesity is not getting better. Every year it appears to be getting excessively worse. Realistic goals are to educate parents, healthcare providers, and the public, giving them as much research and information as possible. Education, intervention, and prevention are the most important factors for combating the effects of childhood obesity and in helping to ensure the health and happiness of children suffering from this disease.ReferencesAmerican Academy of Pediatrics. (2003). Prevention of pediatric clayey and obesity. Pediatrics, 112(2), 427. Retrieved from http//www2.aap.org/obesity/ppt/PREVENTION%20OF%20PEDIATRIC%20OBESITY%20AAP.ppt 9k 2010-03-11 Brandt, A., Zaveri, K., Fernandez, K., Jondoh, L., Duran, E., Bell, L., . . . Gutierrez, J. (2012). School bullying hurts Evidence of psychological and academic challenges among students with bullying histories. Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences Special Edition, 11. Re trieved from http//www.kon.org/urc/v11/bullying/brandt.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). CDC Obesity Facts Adolescent and school health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http//www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm Daniels, S., Arnett, D., Eckel, R., Gidding, S., Hayman, L., Kumanyika, S., . . . Robinson, T. (2005). grave in children and adolescents. Circulation, 111(15), 1999-2012. Fals, A. (2009). Childhood obesity A bit of history National childhood obesity. Examiner. Retrieved from http//www.examiner.com/article/childhood-obesity-a-bit-of-history Gard, M., Wright, J. (2005). The obesity epidemic Science, morality, and ideology (1st Ed.). New York, U.S.A. Taylor Francis Inc.Lumeng, J., Forrest, P., Appugliese, D., Kaciroti, N., Corwyn, R., Bradley, R. (2010). Weight office as a Predictor of Being Bullied in Third Through Sixth Grades. Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 125(6), 1301-1307. doi10.1542/peds.200 9-0774. Reilly, J., Kelly, J. (2011). Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood Systematic review. International Journal of Obesity, 35(7), 891-898. doi10.1038/ijo.2010.222.

A Study On Agricultural Biotechnology Education Essay

A Study On Agricultural Biotechnology Education EssayFor the past 10,000 years humans associated with domesticate plants, selecting seeds of favoured forms, pick out unwanted types to stick each following generation. Plants constitute the main food resource for humans and animals. So it is requisite to improve crop quality and yield to feed the hunger world. Today this came to a big problem due to environmental damages and population effusion 1. There has been a drastic increase in population ever since and it is around 6.5 billion in the starting of 2010. Each year millions of people atomic number 18 dying due to starvation and nutritional deficiencies. So numerous Asian and Afri heap countries are not getting the benefits of the green revolution and gene revolution. The contaminated rude lands and the consequences of global warming affected the agricultural proceeds. The yield lost in each year due to pests, insects and diseases is around 30% of the total production 2, 3. So ergonomics promises to drop the world hunger by creating new array of transgenic plants which are immune to pests and diseases and provide more(prenominal) nutrition 3. The food and agricultural organization (FAO) recognized that the hereditary engineering has the ability to increase the agricultural production. Biotechnology offers a wide range of environmental benefits such as reduce defilement, development of perfect crops which has higher(prenominal) nutrition, reduced or nil pesticides, resistance to insects, more yield etc.4.The transformation of gardening started during the end of first half of twentieth century and it referred as Green revolution. The green revolution started in 1945 during this time Mexico imported wheat. After this Mexican government started working on the agricultural techniques. In 1964 they exported half million tons of wheat, the modern biotechnological techniques made Mexicans foot st fitting and this is too happened in so many other countries 5. The green revolution lessen the world poverty in some extent. Now undeveloped countries need more applications of biotechnology, countries like India and China are still researching on new technologies scarcely in the developed European countries are avoiding these techniques and considering as unnatural 3.During the twentieth century conversional method produced and producing so many hybrids, which can provide more yield, stableness of harvesting and farm income. But these conversional techniques dont preserve the gene pool. In the last 20 years biotechnology developed more and discovered new techniques for the stableness and production. In animal biotechnology bovine somatatropin (BST) used to increase the milk production. In plant biotechnology so many new techniques arrived 5.Conversional agricultural techniques are associated with modern genetical engineering. The plant tissue culture is the one of the major contribution of biotechnology in plant breeding. Via tissue cu lture we go out able to produce many copies from a single plant part within a short time. The meristem culture will able to produce virus muster out plants. The plant tissue culture method helped for the conservation of so many medicinal plants. Another application of tissue culture is the selection of somoclonal variants with improved virus resistance 6. The new molecular deoxyribonucleic acid technologies modify plants in different ways. Molecular level studies helped to produce agriculturally important virus resistant and virus innocuous plants 7. The cloning methods also gave a new phase to biotechnology. The new technologies in cloning help to prevent plant disease by deactivating the gene action. The findings enkindle that the genetically limited micro organisms have the capacity to prevent the disease caused by the pathogens 7.The genetic engineering methods are also employed in divers(a) animal species. Now it is possible to create animals with useful dairy product, m eet, or fibre production. Most of the animal based experiments are primarily introduced in cower and drosophila. Now these have been extended to the domestic farm animals. Genetic engineering is generally used for the manipulation of fertilised egg and utters and manipulation of sperm and embryonic tissue. This facilitates the creation of novel genes to the animals and provides more yield. Transgenic poultries, pig, sheep and cow are the examples for transgenic animals 8, 9. The ability to alter the genome of animals by gene transfer is the major achievement of biotechnology. The animals having altered are known as transgenic animals. The transgenic animals are created by the doorway of small piece of known DNA in to the embryos. This will help the rapid introduction of new genes in to the breed without any cross breeding 8Transgenic methodology has so many potential advantages. The practical applications in livestocks are improved milk production and composition, increased h arvest-home rate. It is important that the production capability of transgenic animals realised only when their true genital potential is attained.The molecular study of Agrobacterium tumefaciens helped to produce transgenic plants. Using this technique many important genes were transferred to plants and it helped to get the high yield 10. The different tools of genetic engineering made the gene transfer uncomplicated and plant manipulation easier. Gene banks and DNA libraries helped for the conservation and selection of variety of genes which facilitate special characters. Different microbes were used as vectors for the gene transfer 11.In advanced industrial countries conventional agriculture system is following for the production. This allows the wide knowledge about the production techniques to grow crops, livestock and poultry. This method also helps to reduce the production hail and provide more yield to farmers 12. There are some environmental problems associated with conven tional agriculture method, but now they are trying to solve by using genetic engineering by the development of new methods for the diffusion of disease, insect resistant plants, drought resistant plants etc. And also biotechnology is working on to produce bio pesticides 12. The environmental problems created by the chemical substance such as pesticides, herbicides, hormones and insecticides which used in the modern farming leads to the new thoughts in the production of bio pesticides and genetically modified plants. But their productions are restricted and under control. According to US food, agriculture and trade act in 1990 it should (a) satisfy food and fibre needs of humans, (b) elevate the quality of the environment and natural resources depends on the agriculture economy, (c) efficient use of non renewable resource and on farm resource, (d) sustain the economic viability of farm trading operations and (e) enhance the quality of life for the farmers and the society as a whol e 13.The modern agricultural biotechnology focusing on genetically modified crops. So many researches are currently undergoing based on this. The genetically modified foods are the products of transgenic plants. These plants contains one or more genes from the another organism which is transferred by genetic engineering technologies 14. According to Huttner et al biotechnology is being used in almost food production system, and it offers more opportunities in agriculture than medicine 4. obscure from the food production biotechnology has been used to for the plant breeding and disease resistant. Most advanced commercially available plasticised are biotech products. The problem of pesticides is the introduction of extremely weeds and it will be difficult to control 2. Genetically modified organisms are also used to control the pest and insects. Introduction of Bt-genes is the one of them and 17% of the total globally deep-seated crops are Bt crops and its amount is very high in US. It is found that about 80% of the biotechnology researches are focused on non food based agricultural products such as cotton, tobacco, ornamental plants and medicinal plants 4.It is found that use of biotech plants can reduce the plowing for control the weeds and this will lead to reduced use of diesel and decrease the pollution. This is also better for conservation of soil and water reduce soil erosion and soil composition. The stick with shows that the use of biotech crops saved around 441 million gallon of fuel which may way out in the exclusion of 10 billion pound carbon dioxide and this elimination is equal to removal of four million cars from the road. Thus the biotech crops has significant role in reducing the environmental pollution associated with agriculture production 2. The genetically modified crops such as corn, soybean, and cotton are used for feeding livestock.The GM crops were introduced 15 years ago. GM crops indicate the genetic modification of plants to make it resistant to biotic stresses provide more yield. The main biotic stresses are pest and pathogens. Each year these factors reduce around 30% of the yield and in create countries this may be higher due to climatic conditions. Weeds in the field compete with the crops for their nutrition and it will affect the yield. For this reason new GM crops were introduced to resist them. To avoid the insect attack and reduce the chemical insecticides GM technology introduced insect resistant plant. It is also help to reduce the environmental pollution 15. In 2007- 90% of the agriculture area planted GM crops in six countries of north and south America and it is around 80% is in US, brazil-nut tree and Argentina. But in India and china they planted less than 3% only. But in the 27 countries of European Union they planted only 0.21% GM crops 16. testify agricultural biotechnology status in Asia is amazing. Several Asian countries are currently following the uses of biotechnology in agricultur e. The Chinese government gives high antecedence to biotechnology for improving food production and its quality in environmentally sustainable method. They are adopting the new genetic engineering methods for the crop production. Chinese introduced and planted new verities of wheat, rice, tomato, pepper, potato, papaya and tobacco and these crops are resistant to pest, herbicides and diseases. They approved around 50 verities of GM plants in last years. India government is supporting the development of infrastructures in biotechnology. In 1980 they formed Department of biotechnology to promote the advantages of biotechnology in agriculture and medicine. The RD of India developing a new generation of citrus, coffee, mangrove, and vanilla. The organisations in India such as M S Swaminathan research foundation have developed bio-village for the growth of new incoming technologies in agriculture 17The Indonesian government has developed 3 National biotechnology centers to coordinate R D in agriculture and medicine. In 1985 Pakistan started crop improvement using modern biotechnology. Now they are mainly concentrated on the improvement of rice and cotton. Philippines started the use of modern biotechnology by the creation of national institute of molecular biology and biotechnology. There also an increased use of modern biotechnology started in Thailand, Bangladesh, Singapore, Sri lanka and Vietnam. There are so many international agricultural research centres for the development of the new crops. outside(a) agricultural research canter (IARCs), international rice research institute (IRRI) are some of them 17.Every technology can bring benefits and risks. This is also happened in the case of biotechnology. The risk of agricultural biotechnology got more publicity even biotechnology is also been used as a part of medicine and industry. The introduction of GMO has created a lot of controversy even it is not used for the production wide range of products. Then also the GMO technology is using widely. The argument is mainly focused on the herbicide and insecticide resistant plants which are more beneficial for farmers, seed producers and chemical companies. The insecticide resistant plants guaranteed 100% success, but in case the partial dosage in some insects may results in the formation of new mutants which will able to resist particular dosage. The pollination amid the GM crops and wild crops may lead to the arrival of new genera, and wild verities may disappear from the environment. The introduction of antibiotic marker gene may result in the gene transfer. It is also noted that in the meat industry the routine feeding of animals lead to the high levels of antibiotics on them. It is observed that currently the biotechnology applications does not cause any harm to environment. But on the other hand it is worried about the GMO. The increased use of GMO may lead to higher amount of pesticide residues, genetic pollution, damage to beneficial insects, creation of super weeds and super pests, mutant viruses and bacteria 17, 12, 18, 4.The 21st century being known as the century of biology and biology based industries promises to be powerful tools for the economy. It will become more powerful in industrialised countries and might be challenged by developing countries. Advanced biotechnology will revolutionise the agriculture and food industry. It is expecting that the consequences of genomics in the bio industry will be under control and biotechnology can reduce the world hunger in future.REFERENCES1 Dominique Job, plant biotechnology in agriculture, Laboratoire mixte CNRS/INRA/Bayer CropScience (UMR 1932), Bayer CropScience, 14-20, rue Pierre-Baizet, 69269, Lyon cedex 9, France2 www.bio.org, agricultural biotechnology- delivering benefits to farmers consumers and the environment.3 www.cei.org, agricultural biotechnology4 Jeremy Hall, Sarah Crowther, Biotechnology the supreme cleaner production technology, Science Policy R esearch Unit, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RF, UK5 Norman E. Borlaug, the green revolution revisited and the road ahead Nobel peace prize lecture6 Low cost opening for tissue culture technology in developing countries. Proceedings of a Technical Meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of thermonuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture7 Graham S. Warren, Pious Thomas, Maria-Teresa Herrera, S.J. Lindsey Hilland Robert F. Terry .The use of plant cell cultures for studying virus resistance, and enhancing the production of virus-resistant and virus-free plants, 26-30 ,August 19918 http//www.bio.org/foodag/animals/biotechanimalagoverview_ip.pdf9 http//www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10418page=34 10 K.P pauls, plant biotechnology for crop improvement Department of Crop Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2JV111 http//www.scitopics.com/Advances_in_plant_genetic_engineering.html12 Thomas A. Lyson, Advanced agriculture technologies and su stainable agriculture, TRENDS in biotechnology, vol.20, May 200213 Biotechnology Information Center, National Agricultural Library,Beltsville, atomic number 101 USA, http//www.inform.umd.edu/EdRes/Topic/AgrEnv/Biotech/Bibliographies/ sustain.ag14 http//www.greenpeace.org.uk15 Environmental impact of genetically modified crops Ferry. N, Gatehouse A.M.R, Newcastle University, UK16 http//www.foei.org/en/resources/publications/food-sovereignty/2009/gmcrops2009full.pdf17 Agricultural biotechnology, poverty reduction and food security , Published and printed by the Asian growth Bank ,P.O. Box 789, 0980 Manila, Philippines18 Christine McCollum, PhD, Charles Benbrook, PhD, Lori Knowles, llb, bcl, ma, llm, Susan Roberts, jd, ms, rd, ld Application of Modern Biotechnology to Food and Agriculture Food Systems Perspective

Gender Differences In Leadership Effect On Organizational Behavior Nursing Essay

Gender Differences In Leadership Effect On Organizational Behavior Nursing EssayLeadership is do work whereby other passel in an organization ar influenced to perform a task or a job. Through leaders an organization is effectively order and thus becomes more(prenominal) cohesive and coherent. Therefore we gutter define lead ardor as that approach which provides direction. In managework forcet we turn in different leadership elans. Some of these ardours include democratic or participative, autocratic or authoritarian and free reign or delegative leadership.Leading is something that is interpersonal and natural. This paper is going to prate ab egress gender differences in leadership and will in particular examine how different leadership styles are affected by the differences in gender. To tick that this is achieved the paper will go through different sources and studies done roughly this work previously.In the present world wo men are taking on rattling big jobs and thus switching to different kinds of leaderships automatically. They postulate taken up leadership positions in large numbers but are still viewed as weak by their counterparts of the opposite sex. Therefore this paper is going to find come to the fore the role played by gender in leadership. It will deliver and highlight major(ip) findings of this issue.Discussion of the topicFor a long time at that place has this belief by mevery an(prenominal) people that leadership is naturally for men alone. Researches carried out long time ago show that gender priority was rampant. Women were side marchesd in the society and on that point was nothing they could do other than bear children and rag them. This bias about women has been experienced as recent as 1990. A study which was carried out by (Siegfried and Cann, 1990) in the year 1990 reveals that masculine chauvinism was observe and women were not allowed to be leaders. As a matter of concomitant men and women share a lot in co mmon when it comes to leadership styles and behaviors according to many studies. The same studies however show that gender plays a very vital role in selection and style of leadership.Theory overviewThe following three leadership theories will try to explain leadership styles and these theories can be applied to gender and leadership. The three theories areSituational leadership conjectureNormative decision theoryContingency theoryWe shall condense the feature of emerging leadership in each model as it relates to situational aspects as per the three theories. We shall then put focus on specific facets of leadership with regard to these models to see whether and how leadership is affected by gender. (Butterfield and Grinnel, 1999)Situational leadership theoryIn this model we shall look at optimum methods used by leaders in tackling leadership style based on the type of leadership. The model scrutinizes task behavior as it relates to nature of work the leaders do. According to this model, the level of maturity of the leader in job and psychology affects the style of leadership. Gender and leadership are not correlated in this theory. (Butterfield and Grinnel, 1999)Normative decision theoryThe main reason why this model was designed was to improve some core issues on effective leadership. The model gives a clear explanation about what should happen in a decision making environment. The theory says that leaders could have a frequent improvement on performance of a group if they employ optimal amount of involvement in decision making process. From this theory we can conclude that leadership is a gender neutral aspect.The contingency theoryThis theory comes up with a model which stipulates that choosing the right type of leader fundamentally determines the effectiveness of leadership which is in contrast to the situational model. The model has a lot of focus on individual aspects of the leader rather than followers or situations. It broadsheets that one develops personality characters at an early(a) stage in life and the leadership style that the leader will employ will be affected his or her life and past experiences. chief(prenominal) arguments, developments, changesAt this stage the paper is going to scrutinize the researches and studies done that concern this topic. In 1990 Eagly and Johnson carried out a study which reveals that women were fond of leadership style which was more interpersonally based as compared to men who appreciated leadership style that was task oriented. The study conclude by showing that men are fond of organism autocratic or directive in contrast women who appreciated democratic leadership (Eagly and Johnson, 1990)The 2003 Meta-analysis of Eagly et al, (2003) shows that women can adopt transformational leadership style faster as compared to their antheral counterparts the leader in this kind of style is more coaching, encouraging and flexible when it comes to problem solving. In cases where women served as lea ders, it is recorded that they rewarded good work but men leaders except censured the subordinates ad adopted hands off leadership style in well-nigh cases. (Eagly et al, 2003)On he other hand we are warned by Eagly et al, (2003) to have in mind the power of perception. Her observation was that even if studies show differences in styles of leadership gender variation is minute because the roles of leadership is the major factor in determining the behavior of an individual. She concludes by observing that women are better leaders than men in some modalitys, but women still have disadvantages due to the mentality in many settings that is generally masculine. If masculinity was to be removed from organizational leadership it would give psychologists a clear image of any disparities in leadership between men and women. (Eagly et al, 2003)Leadership which is participative does not involve the leader alone in decision making but other people likewise. For example employees creation i nvolved in decision making of an organization. Gardiner and Tiggeman (1999). It involves making a decision depending on the task to be done in organizations. This does not strictly say hat the employees are the ones to make final decision but their contributions are considered in the making of the final decision. According to some studies which were carried out in the 90s womens leadership is more participative than mens. Both men and women subordinates were used in carrying out of this research and this confirms the fact that gender differences affects leadership style. The gender difference brings about both effective and ineffective leadership styles, but above all it is the leadership style that matter and not gender. (Gardiner and Tiggeman 1999)While studying religious young-be lay outting(prenominal) person and female leaders, researchers Cann and Siegfried also found out that female leaders were more transformational than there male counterparts. In transformational leadersh ip style, the leaders involve their followers in all maters including decision making and this motivates the followers.On the other hand researcher by the name of Maher, (1997) carried out a research which proposes that maybe transformational style of leadership is a feminine kind of leadership style. In groups where resources control is under women this type of style is most likely to be observed. From the studies cited above, it can clearly be seen that an important role is played by gender in leadership styles and women are observed to be fond of transformational style as compared to men. (Maher, 1997)On analyzing speciality in transformational and transactional leadership in religious leaders, Maher, (1997), discovered that there was no remarkable gender difference in transactional or transformational style of leadership.According to Butterfield and Grinnel (1999), there are two basic types of societies in a society dominator society and partnership society. She observes that women leadership styles take the partnership model which is a manner in which human relationships are developed on the basis of links making.Sociological studies also reveal that the style in which women manage is different from that of men. Men are more hierarchical than women and women leaders organize their management on a wider base. Men groups get in to self-assertion quickly rather than make a compromise like the ladies. (Maher, 1997)Limitations of the researchMost of the studies and research done fall short of coming up with strong evidence of leadership style being determined by gender, and instead only gives a general feeling and what seem to be happening. For a leader to choose a leadership style he or she not only consider gender but also bears in mind certain factors which may influence his or her decision. The studies once again fail to come up with core evidence that an individual chooses leadership style basing on gender alone. In addition, the studies use samples th at are limited which can not give more reliable results.Basing on the entire research findings, however, psychologists do warn us against jumping in to conclusion that female and male leaders have some sort of inborn style of leadership. It is clear that women are well conversant with how people resent the bossy kind of leadership. This only softens their approach whenever they are dealing with their workers. Nonetheless there is need for more research to be done in this field that incorporates other factors that might be influencing styles of leadership to get more reliable data. (Eagly, A. H. et al 2003)Other studies Compare and contrast studies with each otherMany studies are in support of the fact that ladies are more inclined towards transformational or participative kind of leadership style. According to Eagly and Johnson in their study they reveal that women fall in love with leadership style that is more interpersonally oriented but their male counterparts embrace task orien ted leadership style. The study also continues by women are more democratic. Denmark, (1993) also powerfully supports this argument. He argues that women leadership style also embraces partnership model. Consequently there is an observation by sociologists that women management style is dissimilar to that of men. Men are observed to be more hierarchical but women appreciate participatory and more democratic style of leadership they never get themselves involved in back up and correlating with their groups. On the other hand these studies may vary in the intensity of how participative women leaders can be in their groups. (Denmark, 1993)Maher, (1997) contrast Cann, and Siegfried, (1990) in his analysis about differentiation in transactional and transformational leadership style among religious leaders basing on gender and scrutinizing residence hall administrators and residence hall administrators assistants, where he found out that there was minute gender difference in transactiona l or transformational style of leadership style.Meanings of studies to the practice of Organizational behaviorFrom the studies we can clearly see that there is an important role played by gender in leadership styles it also has a direct impact on leadership of an organization because its style may be affected by the top gender personality. Nonetheless studies reveal that men and women are correspondingly effective in one way or another. But in some cases for an organization/s management to be efficient then gender differences must be put in to consideration. For example the ladies are considered to be more coaching and guiding in their leadership which is much appreciated by female workers in an organization. In addition, most women are working role models, and motivators. They also assist workers to attain dedication and creativity. This approach does optimally in current models of organizations which are less hierarchical. It should be note that not all organizations are equally i n participatory style of leadership and the style may fail to work in customary male dominated organizations like the military. (Gardiner and Tiggeman, 1999).Organizational practice differs accordingly according to Eagly and Karau (1995), men and women are all effective. Leaders and managers who were analyzed in the studies were mostly first line supervisors working in laboratories. According to the studies women did well in women dominated organizations. Correspondingly men flourished in organizations where men were majority. From this we conclude that in management of organizations women will get a positive management approval if they worked in sectors where women were a majority same with male dominated organizations for men. However men will be labored to emulate different leadership style which is somehow democratic when working in organizations full of women.ConclusionLeadership is a core aspect in any organization. It is the leadership that is going to determine the success of an organization. While running an organization there are different leadership styles which can be used. We have autocratic leadership where employees are dictated by their seniors on what to do and how to perform their tasks another leadership style being democratic where employees views are also put in to consideration.A vital role is played by gender in the choice of the type of leadership style. From the researches and studies conducted it can be concluded that women appreciate democratic leadership style in contrast to men who embrace autocratic leadership style. The kind of leadership adapted is the one that determines persist of an organization. Other than that there is need for more research to be done in future to show the certainty and truth of these studies.

A New High Speed Rail Link For Britain Engineering Essay

A New High Speed Rail Link For Britain Engineering EssayRecently pop off by lead has increased with many ties struggling to cope with the demand. The western more or less Coast mainline which can be disciplinen as one of the most important data track lines in Britain will reach depicted object by 2020 according to the Transport Politic and has also encountern investings of around 13 billion already (www.thetransportpolitic.com, 2009). One of the popular modes of locomotion long distance within Britain is short haul flights however air travel is neither efficient in terms of energy nor is it environsally friendly. As the U.K has pledged to lower railway carbon emissions by 80% by the year 2050 (www.treehugger.com, 2009) Britain needs more sustainable forms of transport.With the need to increase capacity on the rail lines, especially from capital of the United Kingdom to the North, along with the environmental and sustainability factors the question that arises is, would it be more be beneficial to upgrade the be link among the north and capital of the United Kingdom or to implement a impudently advanced speed rail link?An Atkins report commissioned by the Dft alternating(a)s to the juicy speed rail name High Speed 2 Strategic Alternatives Study (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010) outlines rail upgrades as an alternative. Firstly involves could be lengthened to allow for more passenger, however this does not assume any reduction on journey times and station platforms may not be able to accommodate longer trains. Secondly an investment on the infrastructure to enhance the capacity of the West Coast Mainline would woo around 3.6 billion (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). This would see the operation of an extra four to five trains per hr reducing journey times to Birmingham and Manchester by 12 minutes and 6.5 minutes respectively (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). This alternative would not have many adverse effects on the environment as it does not affect the Chiltern Area of Natural Beauty, where the eminent speed network would, it would however be disruptive to passengers. The leash alternative particular in the report would be to invest on the Chiltern line along with the previous alternative which would allow three trains per hour to the West Midlands on the Chiltern line at a cost of 12.5 billion without reduction on journey times and an adverse environmental effect on the Chiltern AONB. Adding onto this would be the fourth alternative with further work on the Chiltern Line between capital of the United Kingdom and the West Midlands to improve journey times at a cost of 15.1 billion (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). This could see a single stop service to the West Midlands in 64 minutes (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). This would have the same environmental effects on the Chiltern AONB and also be disruptive to passengers. The last alternative would be to include further work on the infrastructure on the Chiltern Line to take it up as furthest as Stratford as a n alternative to the northern stretch on the West Coast Main Line. This would cost approximately 19.6 billion(www.dft.gov.uk, 2010), but may prove to challenging, and response in a small frequency on services, without any certain demand for these services. This alternative would be the most environmentally damaging not lonesome(prenominal) for just the Chiltern AONB and would cause jailbreak to passengers.All the alternatives in upgrades to the living network seem to be costly, have an adverse effect on the environment and disruption to services already in place which outweigh the benefits in terms capacity generated and reduction of journey times. For many of the alternatives there is no impact on the journey times, which would be seen as defeating the objective of upgrading the existing network.A publication by the Institution of Civil Engineers titled unblocking the potential of rail states that Flights currently fib for 93% of business trips between Scotland and London. Res earch shows passengers will lonesome(prenominal) consider changing from air to rail if the journey time is under three hours only possible on land with a spicy speed rail route. (www.ice.org.uk, 2010).Over the years Britain has seen to fall behind its European neighbours in developing spunky speed rail networks. France, Germany, Italy and Spain have all developed high speed rail networks. In particular Spain have in place a high speed rail network between Madrid and Barcelona which reaches speeds of 220mph, which allows the journey of 410 miles to be completed in 2 and a half hours (www.treehugger.com, 2010). Spain is a good utilization as they have a similar route from Madrid to Seville where more than 80% of travellers on that route prefer to travel by train (www.treehugger.com, 2010). The phrase Spains high speed service challenges the airlines on www.treehugger.com, 2010 also describes the services as In terms of comfort and convenience the operators are not skimping eithe r. Each train features a conference room, upgraded cooling and air conditioning, internet access and a restaurant car and passengers are refunded their entire fare if the train is more than 5 minutes late (www.treehugger.com, 2010).However since 2009 the government have set up a smart organisation. High speed 2 Ltd (HS2 Ltd) which is outlying proposals and reports on a new north-south high speed rail network. Recently the transport secretary published the report for new high speed rail network which could see work start around 2017 at the earliest (BBC News, 2010)Figures from The Transport Politic show that the puke would cost 34 billion and include 1500 miles of track, accommodating a total of 34 tunnels and 138 bridges. Whilst 8 new stations would be built and the procurement of 73 high speed trains. If put in place the new north-south link would see an annual ridership of 43.7 journeys. (www.thetransportpolitic.com, 2009). Figure 1 in the appendix shows the proposed line and r eduction in journey times.The transport secretary Lord genus Adonis in a speech about the high speed rail stated additional transport capacity would be needed from the 2020s between our study cities, starting with London to the west midlands, Britains two largest conurbations . . .high speed rail could be the most efficient and sustainable way to provide more capacity between these conurbations. (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). Lord Adonis summarised the development as an initial high speed network linking London to Birmingham then onto Manchester, the East Midlands, Sheffield and Leeds with high speed trains through to Liverpool, Newcastle, Glasgow and Edinburgh, which would case in a Y shaped network capable of carrying trains upto 250mph.Figures 2-4 in the appendix show some comparisons of high speed rail compared to classic rail.The benefits of high speed rail as described by Lord Adonis on the Dft website (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010) are an increase of rail capacity by a third on the West C oast Mainline, not only because of the track but also due to the length of high speed trains and the adapted stations along with segregation from other rail traffic. The speech also describes the upgrade of existing rail lines yielding less than half the extra capacity for more bullion and disruption than it would do to implement a high speed network. A new high speed network could see pressure on capacity on the West Coast Mainline released for other services on the network. In terms of saving time on journeys, the time between the London and the west midlands would be between 30 to 50 minutes depending on the station used, whereas places such as Manchester, Leeds and Sheffield would be bought to within 75 minutes of London and places further north such as Edinburgh and Glasgow to around three and a half hours. High speed trains are stated as a sustainable way forward (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010) by Lord Adonis, going on to say that they emit less carbon then other modes such as car or airplane per passenger mile, with the low impact of a new high speed rail network on local areas than that of a new motorway. Weighing up the benefits to the costs, HS2 assessed that the project will yield 2 for every 1 spent with the first part of the line up to the West Midlands costing between 15 and 17 billion.Along with these benefits, other factors must be taken into consideration. The high speed trains are said to reach 400km/h or 250mph. which would make them the fastest trains in the world, we however need to observe the fact that a train travelling at 360km/h requires 50% more energy than that of a train travelling at 300km/h (www.cpre.org.uk, 2010), going faster could be a cost to the environment. On the topic of environment the high speed network will, similarly to many of the alternatives, cut through the Chiltern AONB where extensive tunnelling will be required as high speed trains need to travel in straight a line as possible.High speed trains will generate a new form of travel, where freed up traffic via existing rail and air travel may be taken up by new demand which could in turn add to carbon emission. For high speed rail to be part of a sustainable future, policys should be produced to keep demand and traffic down on other modes such as increasing air fares and making it more expensive to travel by car.In conclusion high speed rail travel looks more attractive compared to an upgrade of the existing network. Many of the alternative upgrades mentioned have little effect for a big price. The cost of the fifth alternative up grade matches that of the cost of a new high speed line from London to the West Midlands, where you would have significantly reduced journey times and no disruption to existing services.Environmentally both upgrading and building a new high speed line have adverse effects. For the same amount of effect on the environment you could have a new faster rail network, which could be a small price to pay for a network with greate r outcomes and a project which would contribute to the economy and create jobs. In terms of carbon emissions and efficiency figure 5 in the appendix shows high speed rail is the most efficient in terms of passenger km carried by unit of energy than other forms.However it should be taken into consideration the past in terms of development of rail lines. Where plans to upgrade existing lines have been postponed by Lord Adonis due to lack of finances and what may be a coincidence of the government introducing these plans just before a major election.On the lines of finance the project cost a substantial amount, especially with the current debt of the country. This cost may be passed on as increased rail fares, fares which currently some of the population regard as expensive. The new and improved service may not be attractive to some unless it is heavily subsidised.Overall a new high speed rail link from London to the North would be beneficial, looking at our European neighbours we can see that high speed rail can be a success and the plans tick all the boxes in terms of journey time reduction and being able to compete with other modes such as short haul air travel and share in the reduction on carbon emmissions. High speed rail can be an improvement if it does not drag funds and infrastructure investment away from other areas and is affordable to use.

Endangered Species Study: Jaguars :: essays research papers fc

Endangered Species Study JaguarsI. The jaguars of Central and South America have been being killed for game andprotection. This cat utilize to have homes around the United States to Uruguay,but ever since the fears of extinction the jaguars have moved to the undevelopedrain forests in Latin America. Jaguars are being killed collectable to many peoplefearing for their own lives and many are also being killed to protect cattle.Jaguars do stalk and ambush their prey, however, they rarely ever attack man. one(a) of the main reasons that jaguars are still living is that they can adapt tomany habitats, from tropical rain forests and swampy areas to scrub lands andgrasslands.II. Jaguars are part of the life make pass of many species. Killing jaguars forprotection and furs are ruining other species that live in the same range asthem. These cats are of no harm to compassionate life, most deaths that jaguars havehad a part in were to protect themselves from being killed.Many jaguars just disappear from the pressures of being killed. While theanimal is trying to change habitats they have died. The rain forests that thejaguars inhabit are being torn down to open up lumbering, farming, livestockraising, and other activities carried out by humans. Killing a jaguar is takingaway a life that is doing no harm to the eco-system. A jaguars way of livingis much like that of a human, you dont see jaguars cleanup humans for theirskin.III. Any endangered specie, including the jaguar, has many distinguishablealternatives in which the government or a national group would have to beinvolved. There are several organizations that help the breeding and life ofmany species. One way of breeding a specific species would be to freeze spermand embryos so that scientists may breed more of the species when they are closeto extinction.IV. I feel that the jaguar can be saved by forcing contractors to move theirconstruction to a different place rather than a rain forest so that the jaguars

Othello: The Destruction of Honor :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Othello The Destruction of Honor In The Tragedy of Othello, William Shakespeare tells the tale of the noble Moor whose honor and innocence bring virtually his downfall. Shakespeare writes of the power of jealousy, and the art of masterful deception and trickery. The story primarily takes place in Cyprus, during a war between the people of Venice and the invading Turks. In this lend Shakespeare shows the feelings of Othellos embittered right-hand man of, Iago, who feels he is passed over for a promotion and swears his revenge. He proceeds to manipulate his friends, enemies, and family into doing his bidding with stunned any of them ever realizing his ultimate goal. He makes Othello believe that his new wife, the innocent Desdemona, is committing adultery with his newly promoted officer Michael Cassio. After this seed of jealousy has been planted, Othellos mind takes its course in determining the certain outcome, with a little more nudging from Iago. The course of action he proce eds to follow is one that not only ends his own heart, but also the life of his wife and others. In Shakespeares Tragedy of Othello, Othello is a man who is still truly honorable, despite the course of action he takes to resolve his perceived problem. end-to-end the novel, up until his insanity, Othello is described as a temperate man whose honor does not allow him to believe assumptions unless he has been shown proof. Firstly, when the men of Brabantio, Desdemonas father, confront Othellos men, Othello calmly says, Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them. (10). Othello is confronted on the matter of his elopement with Desdemona with force and with words. Not only is he very cool closely his dealings with violence, but also when he is asked to tell the story of how he had Desdemona fall in love with him he states the truth, and he doesnt leave out any details of how he accomplished it. He openly admits that had any other man told his story, that man also would hav e won her heart. Only a truly honorable man can admit that it was a story, and not his personality that truly won the womans heart. Othellos honor is shown by his trust in the people he knows and loves. When Iago tells Othello that he believes Cassio and Desdemona are having an affair, Othello does not believe Iago initially.