Impacts of Race on Health Policy-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impacts of Race on Health Policy System. Answer: Introduction Everyone is entitled to quality and good health care services from any medical facility. Your cultural background should not deter you from accessing medical facilities and getting the required treatment. Race can be defined as the grouping of individuals based on their cultural, genetic, physical, social or ancestral traits. Racism is the discrimination, harassment or biases of one race by another who views themselves as superior to the others. Racism in health care leads to differences in access to quality healthcare. The race has been one of the major problems in Canada that have led to poor health care and those affected have difficulties in accessing quality health care because of the diverse cultural backgrounds that they are coming from (Betancourt et al., 2016). It is the responsibility of the government to introduce health policies that are inclusive and considerate for every Canadian citizen. Good health policy system help in improving health care for every individual irrespective of your race and cultural background in health policy system; race is a contributory factor to the success and effectiveness of the system (Tang, Browne, 2008). A health policy system that involves racism leads to poor quality services, inequality in access to health care, dissatisfied patients and increase in a number of patients. Racism has led to an increased number of patients resorting to other alternatives of health care like the tradition health care for the various illnesses. This has also lead to the rise of mortality in patients who are having chronic illnesses and are from the minority communities because of the discrimination and lack of adequate health care. The introduction of inclusive health care policies will help in reducing the mortality rate and improving health care among all Canadian citizens. Racism in Canada's health care policy system The negative beliefs about race and ethinicity are deeply ingrained in the culture of Canada. This popular culture is often associated with devaluing the backs and other non-white residents of Canada. Several research studies have provided evidence that suggests televisions play an important role in establishing this culture of racism. Television shows most often portray black people in a negative way and this has been linked to high levels of racial prejudice. On the other hand, widely read newspapers and books frequently pair the word black with words like poor, lazy, violent, and dangerous. While the word white is often linked to other words such as, progressive, wealthy, educated and successful. These negative messages are adopted by the people unconsciously and they start developing a bias that results in discrimination against the black people and leads to racial inequality. Healthcare professionals, clinicians and administrators of the health policy system are no exception (Alimezelli et al., 2014). Racism in Canada has long existed with the majority of the minority group consisting blacks have resettled in Quebec. Racism in Canada has exceeded many other countries, the minority groups have not fully been recognized by the government (Hutchison, levesque, Strumpf, Coyle, 2011). However much the government today is trying to change the perception and reducing the level of discrimination of the minority groups within its territory. Results from previous studies have reported that biased treatment recommendations exist in the healthcare facilities for black patients, and this has been linked to greater amount of implicit bias among physicians and clinicians. This often leads to poor quality of communication between the healthcare professionals and their clients and results in patient dissatisfaction. The patients who face racial and ethnic discrimination in hospital settings often give low ratings to the quality of care they received and their poor encounters with the doctors. The minority groups in Canada have long suffered because of the poor and limited health facilities in the regions where the minority groups live. This, however, has led to the rise of mortality in the minority groups especially those with chronic illness and also maternal mortality. Several causes of health inequities caused by racism are having less access to social resources such as education, inadequate economic resources, poor housing, engaging in health behaviors that are risky, exposure to environment hazards, stress caused by racism in an environment one lives in, social traumas such as sexual abuse and spousal abuse, programs such as screening being underutilized and having no trust in the healthcare systems (Prus, Tfaily, Lin, 2010). Living in poor neighbourhoods increases the exposure to toxic chemicals and restricts access to healthy foods (Beiser Hou, 2014). This increases the chances of adverse health outcomes among the minorities. Evidences suggest that significant disparities exist in the health outcomes of the racialized people owing to the fact that they do not get equal access to medical care facilities, such as, pediatric wards and veterans hospitals, when compared to the majority of white people (Kim et al., 2013). Therefore, practice of racism in healthcare institutions, bias among caregivers, stereotyping attitude and stigma are the major contributing factors to the incidence of racial inequalities in the healthcares system (Dovidio et al., 2017). This results in a shift in the focus from offering holistic care services to all patients regardless of their race or ethnic backgrounds. The government has the responsibility of playing a major role in reducing racism in Canada by making good policies that does not only favor the "white" people in getting efficient health care but instead come up with policies that ensures that access to primary healthcare is everyone's right irrespective of your race, tribe, color, and cultural background, it should be diversified (Papadopoulos, 2006). Healthcare organizations also have an equal responsibility of ensuring equality in the healthcare facilities. The healthcare organizations can introduce programs that are cultural diversity oriented with the aims of training health practitioners about cultural diversity and competence. This program should focus their attention on the marginalized groups and how they can get quality health care. The healthcare organizations should recruit persons from the minority groups in the health care system to create a free and conducive environment for the minority groups to feel comfortable and safe in the healthcare facilities (Kirmayer Brass, 2016). Most of the trained healthcare practitioners from minority groups often go back to their regions to offer health care services in the available health facilities and this is another way of promoting adequate health care for the minority groups. Ontario Human Right Commission (OHRC) has put in place policies that protect the minority groups from being oppressed and denied equal right to access medical facilities and other government public resources (Deber, Mah, 2014). The Canadian Community Health Survey (2016) provided data that supported the less likelihood of visible minorities in the Canadian community to create contacts with their specialist physicians or to get admitted in hospitals following an episode of illness, when compared to the Whites. Inequalities are consistently found between the Whites and racialized people with regard to hospital admissions, visits to a specialist, and screening tests for cancer, when the former were controlled for income, sex, language, and duration of residence in Canada. An adjustment of health status and socio-demographic features will reduce the existing disparities and increase the likelihood of the minorities to contact their general practitioners and utilize healthcare services. Evidences suggest that there is a profound lack of customary collection of health data that are related to race and ethnicity of the people living in Canada (Siddiqi et al., 2013). Furthermore, the unavailability of race based data in the Canadian cancer registries creates difficulties in ascertaining the impacts of race and ethnic history on the incidence of breast cancer and its survival in Canada. In addition, data reveal that the national population surveys under-represent the presence of immigrants in the population. This also creates difficulties for the minorities to adequately access the exisitig healthcare services (Wang Hu, 2013). Public and policymakers' responsibility The public and policymakers have the responsibility to take up actions in order to eliminate the issue of racism in the healthcare system. Such actions involve creating and increasing public awareness on the issue of racism and its effects on the quality and accessibility of healthcare (Giesbrecht, Crooks, 2016). The awareness can be increased through the support of policies and procedures that address racism, the establishment of community, groups and alliance programs that fight the issue of racism. Increase in the representation of the radicalized groups in the decision-making processes as well as in the organization's structure will help in eliminating the racism in Canada (Clavier, Leeuw, 2013). The public and policymakers should strife in implementing and enforcing policies and procedures that are free from racism. The policymakers should emphasise on the need for collecting standardized data related to ethnicity, race and primary language of all people who are entitled to use the healthcare system. The importance of standardized data collection lies in the fact that it will help the policy makers and the caregivers to identify and eliminate ethnic and racial inequities in healthcare (Cahill Makadon, 2014). Adequate data on the race and ethnicity of the patients and their care providers allow provisions to on patient and provider race and ethnicity would allow researchers to unravel the factors that contribute to inequities. This will also assist them in formulating better healthcare plans that meets the cultural needs of the minorities (Wang, 2014). A routine monitoring of their performances will facilitate in easy identification of discriminatory practices, ensure accountability, help in evaluation of the different therapeutic strategies and will eventually improve patient outcomes. The recruitment and retaining of staff from the minority groups will help in building a culture of diversity in the health, implementation of programs that involve training the practitioners on anti-discriminatory and culturally diverse health care. The availability of interpreters in the facilities will also help eliminate racism in the healthcare system. Support the establishment of acts and policies that address the racism in health care system and also allocate sufficient funds in support of racism research, in conducting discussions with the stakeholders on eradicating the racism in the country (Westhues, Wharf, 2012). The policymakers should ensure the patients exercise their rights to access proper healthcare through the introduction of a complaint box to air their complaints as well as to pro-actively respond to racism. A consideration to form a committee that addresses on racial equality will also help in dealing with the racism problem in the Canadians health policy system (Diehr et al., 2017). The policymakers should adopt cultural competence, which will provide them the ability to deliver healthcare services that meets the cultural, social, and linguistic needs of the minorities (Rajaram Bockrath, 2014). Lack of cultural competence will increase the risk of patients of receiving poor quality care and experiencing negative health outcomes. Some of the common strategies that can be adopted by the policy makers for developing a culturally competent healthcare environment include the following: Arranging for interpreter services Recruiting and retaining staff belonging to the minorities Creating training programs to increase cultural knowledge, awareness and skills Including the family and community members in decision making Incorporating culture-specific attitudes in different health promotion tools Locating clinics in geographical regions that can be easily accessed by the minority groups. Certain guidelines must be adopted by the policymakers to eliminate the healthcare disparities. These policies should focus on enhancing the attitudes of the healthcare professionals in regards to accepting that it is their responsibility to understand the cultural aspects of illness and health of all residents of Canada Recognizing the personal biases that exist against people belonging to different cultures and ethnic backgrounds Respecting and tolerating cultural differences among all patients (Dimick Ryan, 2014). The guidelines should increase the willingness of caregivers to make provisions for easily accessible clinical settings. Setting up accreditation standards will also benefit the minorities as it will enhance the skills of medical students to understand the diverse cultures that exist in the society and will further help them to perceive the different forms of illness and respond to them accordingly (Laymon et al., 2015). Summary The issue of racism, in Canada, cannot be ignored as it deeply affects the health care system. It is a major issue that should be addressed by all the stakeholders who include the government, the healthcare providers, and organizations, the consumers' and the general public. All the stakeholders should unite in implementing and enforcing policies and procedures that upholds equality and fights to eliminate racism in the health care systems. This will lead to appropriate address of all existing racial biases in healthcare delivery. References Alimezelli, H. T., Leis, A., Backman, A., Denis, W., Karunanayake, C. (2014, May). Disparities, Health Services Policies, and Minority Francophone Older Adults in Canada. Inconference Social Policy and Health Inequalities: An International Perspective, QICSS, Montreal(pp. 7-9). Beiser, M., Hou, F. (2014). Chronic health conditions, labour market participation and resource consumption among immigrant and native-born residents of Canada.International journal of public health,59(3), 541-547. Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., Carrillo, J. E., Owusu Ananeh-Firempong, I. I. (2016). Defining cultural competence: a practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care.Public health reports. Cahill, S., Makadon, H. (2014). Sexual orientation and gender identity data collection in clinical settings and in electronic health records: A key to ending LGBT health disparities.LGBT health,1(1), 34-41. Clavier, C., Leeuw, E. J. J. (2013).Health promotion and the policy process. Deber, R. B., Mah, C. L. (2014).Case studies in Canadian health policy and management. Diehr, A. J., Jordan, T., Price, J., Sheu, J. J., Dake, J. (2017). Assessing the strategies of state offices of minority health to reduce health disparities.American Journal of Health Studies,32(1). Dimick, J. B., Ryan, A. M. (2014). Methods for evaluating changes in health care policy: the difference-in-differences approach.Jama,312(22), 2401-2402. Dovidio, J. F., Penner, L. A., Calabrese, S. K., Pearl, R. L. (2017). 2 Physical Health Disparities and Stigma: Race, Sexual Orientation, and Body Weight.The Oxford Handbook of Stigma, Discrimination, and Health, 29. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=bOw9DwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA29dq=Dovidio,+J.+F.,+Penner,+L.+A.,+Calabrese,+S.+K.,+%26+Pearl,+R.+L.+(2017).+2+Physical+Health+Disparities+and+Stigma:+Race,+Sexual+Orientation,+and+Body+Weight.+The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Stigma,+Discrimination,+and+Health,ots=9OgPpHjLErsig=7hlk4DmuG2WNgLhoZDvshpy2iLU#v=onepageqf=false Giesbrecht, D., Crooks, A., (2016). Place, Health and Diversity: Learning from the Canadian experience. Routledge. Hutchison, B., levesque, J. F., Strumpf, E., Coyle, N. (2011). Primary health care in Canada: systems in motion.The Milbank Quarterly,89(2), 256-288. Kim, I. H., Carrasco, C., Muntaner, C., McKenzie, K., Noh, S. (2013). Ethnicity and postmigration health trajectory in new immigrants to Canada.American Journal of Public Health,103(4), e96-e104. Kirmayer, L. J., Brass, G. (2016). Addressing global health disparities among Indigenous peoples.Lancet (London, England),388(10040), 105. Laymon, B., Shah, G., Leep, C. J., Elligers, J. J., Kumar, V. (2015). The proof's in the partnerships: Are Affordable Care Act and Local Health Department accreditation practices influencing collaborative partnerships in community health assessment and improvement planning?.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,21(1), 12-17. Papadopoulos, I. (2006).Transcultural health and social care: Development of culturally competent practitioners. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone Prus, S. G., Tfaily, R., Lin, Z. (2010). Comparing racial and immigrant health status and health care access in later life in Canada and the United States.Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement,29(3), 383-395. Rajaram, S. S., Bockrath, S. (2014). Cultural competence: New conceptual insights into its limits and potential for addressing health disparities.Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice,7(5), 6. Siddiqi, A., Ornelas, I. J., Quinn, K., Zuberi, D., Nguyen, Q. C. (2013). Societal context and the production of immigrant status-based health inequalities: a comparative study of the United States and Canada.Journal of public health policy,34(2), 330-344. Statcan.gc.ca. (2017).The DailyCanadian Community Health Survey, 2016.Statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 20 November 2017, from https://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/170927/dq170927a-eng.htm Tang, S. Y., Browne, A. J., (2008). Racematters: racialization and egalitarian discourses involving Aboriginal people in the Canadian health care context.Ethnicity and Health,13(2), 109-127. Wang, L. (2014). Immigrant health, socioeconomic factors and residential neighbourhood characteristics: A comparison of multiple ethnic groups in Canada.Applied Geography,51, 90-98. Wang, L., Hu, W. (2013). Immigrant health, place effect and regional disparities in Canada.Social Science Medicine,98, 8-17. Westhues, A., Wharf, B. (2012).Canadian social policy: Issues and perspectives

Michael Shi Essays (542 words) - Ethnic Groups In South Sudan

Michael Shi Reading Response 3 In The Nuer : A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political institutions of a Nilotic People , an ethnography published in 1940, Edward E van Evans-Pritchard describes the Nuer people and how they live, focusing on their unique relationship with cattle. The Nuer people hold cattle in high regard and "will gladly risk their lives to defend their herds or to pillage those of their neighbors" (Evans-Pritchard, 16). According to his study, cattle play a very important role in essentially all social situations. Birth, death, marriage, coming-of-age rituals, social standing, and language are all associated with cattle in some major way. Sharon Elaine Hutchinson followed up on Evans-Pritchard's work 40 years later in Nuer Dilemmas : Coping with Money, War, and the State. In the chapter "Orientations" Hutchinson reflects on Evans-Pritchard's The Nuer and some of the possible shortcomings of his study. She argues that Evans-Pritchard viewed the culture of the Nuer people in a static way and aims to depict the Nuer in a more dynamic and less generalized way in her study. In "Blood, Cattle, and Cash," Hutchinson writes about the Nuer people's attitudes towards money and cattle and how it changed over time through British colonialism. Both readings were ethnographical studies, but came from very different time periods. Hutchinson's study was composed in collaboration with the Nuer as both informants and critical commentators (Hutchinson, 29) whereas Evans-Pritchard did his study without active participation from the Nuer people. When reading about the Nuer people's close relationship with their cattle, I immediately thought back to Scott's lecture about domestication and his argument that humans domesticated themselves. Evans-Pritchard had a similar thought as Scott, writing "It has been remarked that the Nuer might be called parasites of the cow, but it might be said with equal force that the cow is a parasite of the Nuer, whose lives are spent in ensuring its wel fare" (Evans-Pritchard, 36). Evans-Pritchard concludes that their relationship is a symbiotic one, which is the same conclusion I came to when reading Scott's piece in the second week of the course. I found the relationship between cattle and social standing to be interesting and was thinking about if anything similar appears in other societies. People owning exotic or dangerous animals as a symbol of status and the video we saw in class of cock fighting were two examples I thought of. I find it interesting to see the same human behavior manifest itself in different, isolated societies. Another thing I found thought-provoking was Hutchinson's point that Evans-Pritchard's writing may have been influenced by his background. It makes me wonder how objective we can be when recording anything qualitative, since our background and previous experiences will always influence how we interpret things. Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan. 1940. The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People. Oxford University Press. Chapter 1: Interest in Cattle (pp. 16-50) Hutchinson, Sharon Elaine. 1996. Nuer Dilemmas: Coping with Money, War, and the State. University of California Press. "Orientations" (pp. 21-37) and "Blood, Cattle, and Cash" (pp. 56-102)

The Internet Essays (1001 words) - Digital Technology,

The Internet The Internet is the name for a group of worldwide information resources. These resources are so vast as to be well beyond the comprehension of a single human being. Not only is there no one who understands all of the Internet, there is no one who even understands most of the Internet (Harley 2). The Internet is often thought of as a computer network, or sometimes a group of computer networks connected to one another. The computer networks are simply the medium that carries the information. The beauty and utility of the Internet lie in the information itself that is being transmitted. The Internet has undergone a remarkable transformation since its early days. The original Internet was a low-speed, text-based network used to connect a few government sites to the research and defense contracting community. The Department of Defense began a project known as ARPAnet (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) back in the late 1960's, starting the first internet. It was designed by the network architects to interconnect government computers with defense contractors (Banta 2). The design of the network was such that no one computer system was dependent upon the functioning of any of the other computer systems. If any one computer network node was destroyed, such as in a nuclear attack, the rest of the network would continue to operate (Banta 2). In the 1970s, the Internet began to be interconnected with large universities and research organizations (Banta 2). The type of information going across the Internet began to change from that of being primarily government oriented to that of research oriented. During the 1980s, more universities and government contractors began using the internet contributing to its growth. As the amount of network traffic increased, the speed of the Internet began to slow down. In the mid - 1980s, the U.S. Department of Defense split the network into the ARPAnet and the MilNet. The MilNet consists of only traffic to and from military sites and other government locations vital for national defense. The National Science Foundation (NSF) took over ARPAnet and merged it into a high-speed network called NSFnet (Benta 2). The NSFnet was the prototype for the national Internet backbones that we have today. It provided high-speed links among scientists and supercomputing facilities and served as the main Internet traffic arteries for the United States. People at universities and elsewhere immediately began using the increased speed for everything other than supercomputing, and this led to the birth of the national Internet infrastructure. In 1995, the NSF handed over control of the Internet backbone to commercial carriers (Glen 3). In the last couple of years Internet usage has shifted from the university environment to that of becoming more commercial. The primary thing that has led to this shift was the development of the World Wide Web (the Web) by CERN (the high-energy physics research institute in Geneva, Switzerland). Coupled with this came the development of the first practical web browser, Mosaic, from the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) (Glen 3). Today, the Internet is being used by all sorts People - educators, librarians, hobbyists, and business people - for a variety of purposes, from communicating with each other, to accessing valuable information and resources. To appreciate what the. Internet has to offer, imagine discovering a whole system of highways and high-speed connectors that cut hours off your commuting time. Or a library you could use any time of the day or night, with acres of books and resources and unlimited browsing. That's the Internet. Web browsers allowed people to explore the resources of the Internet in a way that was far easier than the original text-based applications like FTP (file transfer protocol, Gopher (a search engine), Telnet (remotely accessing a computer), etc. As more people become interested in the Internet, the more web browsers were developed and came into use. The main web browsers in use today are Netscape and Microsoft's Internet Explorer. Web browsers were developed that were more graphically (picture) oriented and easier to use than the old text based applications. This led to an increase in the number of people that began connecting themselves to the Internet and this led to a slow down in

Biology 2 Essay

Biology 2 Essay Biology 2 Essay Biology 5B What are Mendel’s Concepts? 1. Alleles exist 2. Individuals can be homozygous or heterozygous 3. One allele is dominant over the other 4. Gametes are haploid A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each characteristic because homologous pairs separate during meiosis. Law of Segregation The inheritance of an allele for one characteristic does not effect the inheritance of an allele for a different characteristic Law of Independent Assortment How is sex determined in humans? Sex chromosomes, the man’s genes How many pairs chromosomes do humans have? 23 How many pairs of autosomes do humans have? 22 How many pairs of sex chromosomes do humans have? 1 a diagram used to show how a specific characteristic is passed through several generations in a family Pedigree a diagram used to show the possible gamete combinations from a genetic cross Punnett Square the mating of an organism possessing a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with an organism possessing a recessive phenotype Test Cross Mendel’s factors; units of heredity; sections of DNA capable of causing a trait Gene the trait which, when in the presence of contrasting trait, expresses itself Dominant the trait which, when in the presence of the dominant, doesn’t express itself Recessive the physical expression of an organism’s genes Phenotype the genetic make-up of an individual organism Genotype the particular site on a chromosome where a particular gene is located Locus

International Business and Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Business and Trade - Essay Example The first part of the article revealed the ailing performance of Carphone's broadband brand TalkTalk. Carphone stocks plunged as news showed the service performance problems of TalkTalk subscribers. The poor performance, according to Carphone is partially due to British Telecom's (BT) Openreach division. The retail giant assumed that BT's progress in transferring of customers from the latter to the former "was slow." However this issue was overshadowed by the fact that Vodafone, UK's leading mobile service provider, signed an exclusive contract with Phones 4u, Carphone's main competitor. Carphone is UK's leader in mobile phones retail. Thanks to the innovative minds of Charles Dunstone and David Ross, the mobile retailer, which was initially a small store along Marylebone Road in London, became a 4 billion giant industry. Vodafone, the leader in mobile services, had been a close partner in Britain's mobile communications industry growth. Dunstone's aggressive dream to make Carphone a real mobile leader ushered him to integrate TalkTalk broadband service. The entrepreneur also partnered with Sir Richard Branson in launching Virgin Mobile in France. Another bold move, the 320 million impending acquisition of AOL UK would make Carphone a driving force in broadband and internet industry. Carphone's ambitious moves make it both a mobile retail an... To better grasp this, let us look at the history of UK's mobile industry. UK's mobile industry has transformed drastically from its introduction to the market. As expected, both mobile phone retailers and mobile service providers had a very harmonious mutual relationship in serving enthusiastic buyers of the recently supplied, sophisticated gadgets known as mobile phones. But as almost every British person has his own mobile phone, the rules of the mobile industry changed. At present, to improve performance, mobile service providers concentrate on how to woo subscribers of contract services away from competitors, prioritising on high paying contract customers more than the more transient pre pay customers. On the other hand, mobile retailers profit on the upgrades of devices, switches for a better deal and service for their customers, and other activities that require their service. With its source of profit coming from commission and service revenues, retailers are concerned more on the activities of their customers: the greater number of activities, the greater the profit. Proposed Marketing Strategies Given a brief background on milieu within which Carphone is involved in, the writer suggests that, to improve its overall performance in the mobile industry, it should first concentrate on solving the issues in its bread and butter service: mobile retail. Repositioning its mobile retail business will open a way to fix the problems it has with its broadband business. Carphone has to fix its core business first before it should move on to his later business ventures. Repositioning Carphone's retail service The first step that Carphone should take in boosting its weakening performance in the eyes of its

GA Army National Guard Should Provide Laptop Access to all Soldiers Assignment

GA Army National Guard Should Provide Laptop Access to all Soldiers - Assignment Example The reason for this effort is to find out the best possible way to give the Georgia Army national Guardsmen access to computers. There are two options on the table to achieve this. Option one is to designate a computer lab at each armory, while option two is to buy laptops for soldiers. Cost, efficiency, time, desirability and practicality form the criteria for rationing the decision. Internet research, phone calls, unit surveys and interviews are performed to research data to analyze the criteria. After careful analysis option one turns out to be the better of the two. Designating a computer lab offers many advantages and scores higher on the criterion table. Other than lower cost ‘option one’ can be completed in lesser time. Technology is imperative in the military. There are no second opinions in the argument that the soldiers need to learn, acquire and practice the technology skills. The war in Afghanistan is ending. The troops have to return home soon. In the near future The National Guard will be relatively inactive at the international level. The Georgia Army National Guard is focusing on the education and the professional growth of their soldiers. Although the national guards are not recruits where the administration forces them to complete their education and grow in the professional career of their choosing, yet, if they do choose to grow within the ranks then they need to put a lot of effort in accomplishing those goals. And the best way to do that are the online courses. These courses take weeks to complete. And those courses are not the only thing on their schedule. They have to show good performance in the annual and monthly NCOERs. The administration is also responsible for completing any c ounseling statements. The soldiers have a lot of work that they need to complete on a computer. The unfortunate thing is that not all soldiers have computers or desktops in their homes. Moreover, the soldiers have different computers and

Influence of Nature and Nurture Developmental Research Essay Example for Free

Influence of Nature and Nurture Developmental Research Essay How many bald, six-foot-six, 250-pound volunteer firefighters in New Jersey wear droopy mustaches, aviator-style eyeglasses, and a the influence of nature versus key ring on the right side of the belt? nurture. The answer is two: Gerald Levey and Mark Newman. They are twins who were separated at birth. Each twin did not even know 25. 2 Describe developmental the other existed until they were reunited—in a fire station—by a research techniques. fellow firefighter. . . The lives of the twins, although separate, took remarkably similar 25. Discuss prenatal paths. Levey went to college, studying forestry; Newman planned to development. study forestry in college but instead took a job trimming trees. . . . Both men are unmarried and find the same kind of woman attractive: â€Å"tall, slender, long hair. † They share similar hobbies, enjoying hunting, fishing, going to the beach, and watching old John Wayne movies and professional wrestling. Both like Chinese food and drink the same brand of beer. learning outcomes 25. 1 Compare and contrast The remarkable range of similarities we see in many pairs of identical twins raises one of the fundamental questions posed by developmental psychology, the study of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life. The question is this: How can we distinguish between the environmental causes of behavior (the influence of parents, siblings, family, friends, schooling, nutrition, and all the other experiences to which a child is exposed) and hereditary causes (those based on the genetic makeup of an individual that influence growth and development throughout life)? This question embodies the nature–nurture issue. In this context, nature refers to hereditary factors, and nurture to environmental influences. Although the question was first posed as a nature-versus-nurture issue, developmental psychologists today agree that both nature Gerald Levey and Mark Newman 282 Chapter 8 development and nurture interact to produce specific developmental patterns and outDevelopmental psychology The comes. Consequently, the question has evolved into How and to what degree branch of psychology that studies the do environment and heredity both produce their effects? No one grows up patterns of growth and change that free of environmental influences, nor does anyone develop without being occur throughout life. affected by his or her inherited genetic makeup. However, the debate over Nature–nurture issue The issue of the comparative influence of the two factors remains active, with different the degree to which environment and approaches and different theories of development emphasizing the environ- heredity influence behavior. ment or heredity to a greater or lesser degree (Pinker, 2002; Gottesman Hanson, 2005; Rutter, 2006). For example, some developmental theories rely on basic psychological principles of learning and stress the role learning plays in producing changes in The nature–nurture issue behavior in a developing child. Such theories emphasize the role of the enviis a key question that is ronment in development. In contrast, other developmental theories emphasize pervasive throughout the the influence of one’s physiological makeup and functioning on development. field of psychology, asking Such theories stress the role of heredity and aturation—the unfolding of biohow and to what degree logically predetermined patterns of behavior—in producing developmental environment and heredity change. Maturation can be seen, for instance, in the development of sex characproduce their joint effects. teristics (such as breasts and body hair) that occurs at the start of adolescence. Despite their differences over theory, developmental psychologists concur on some points. They agree that genetic factors not only provide the potential for specific behaviors or traits to emerge, but also place limitations on the emergence of such behavior or traits. For instance, heredity defines people’s general level of intelligence, setting an upper limit that—regardless of the quality of the environment—people cannot exceed. Heredity also places limits on physical abilities; humans simply cannot run at a speed of 60 miles an hour, nor will they grow as tall as 10 feet, no matter what the quality of their environment (Dodge, 2004; Pinker, 2004). Figure 1 lists some of the characteristics most affected by heredity. As you consider these items, it is important to keep in mind that these characteristics are not entirely determined by heredity, for environmental factors also play a role. Developmental psychologists also agree that in most instances environmental factors play a critical role in enabling people to reach the potential capabilities that their genetic background makes possible. If Albert Einstein had received no intellectual stimulation as a child and had not been sent to s tudy aler t Height Weight Obesity Tone of voice Physical Characteristics Blood pressure Tooth decay Athletic ability Firmness of handshake Age of death Activity level Intellectual Characteristics